River system in India

Map

Source: eoearth

Himalayan River System VS Peninsular River system

Perennial; receive water both from Himalayan glaciers and rainfall	Seasonal; dependent on monsoonrainfall
Antecedent * with dendritic pattern. These rivers are older than Himalayas. “An antecedent stream is a stream that maintains its original course and pattern despite the changes in underlying rock topography.”	Super imposed radial and rectangular patterns
Long course, flowing through the rugged mountains experiencing head ward erosion and river capturing* “River capture is a geomorphological phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream.”	Smaller, fixed course with well-adjusted Valleys.
Very large basins	Relatively smaller basin
Young and youthful, active and deepening in the valleys	Old rivers with graded profile

Indus River System

The Indus originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar. It follows a north-westerly course through Tibet. It enters Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir. It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea. The main tributaries of the Indus in India areJhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. It covers J&K, Punjab and Himachal states of India

Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra originates in the Mansarovar Lake, also the source of the Indus and the Satluj. It flows eastward, parallel to the Himalayas. Reaching Namcha Barwa , it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and known as Dihang. The undercutting done by this river is of the order of 5500 metres. In India, it flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and is joined by several tributaries.

Source: Wikimedia

Ganga River System

The Ganga (Ganges) rises from the Gangotri Glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas under the name of Bhagirathi. This main stream of the river flows through the Himalayas till another two streams – theMandakini and the Alaknanda – join it at Dev Prayag, the point of confluence. The combined stream is then known as the Ganga. The main tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Ram Ganga, Gomati, Ghaghara,Son, Damodar and SaptKosi. The river after traversing a distance of 2525 kms from its source meets the Bay of Bengal at Ganga Sagar in West Bengal.

Yamuna River System

Source: Wikimedia

The River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier in Uttarakhand. The catchment of the river extends to states of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and the entire union territory of Delhi. The river flows 1367 km from here to its confluence with the River Ganga at Allahabad. The main tributaries joining the river include the Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken.

Narmada River System

The Narmada is a river in central India. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India, and is a total of 1,289 km long. Of the major rivers of peninsular India, only the Narmada, the Tapti and the Mahi run from east to west. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state which form the head of the Satpura Range and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. Its total length through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat amounts to 1312 kilometres (815 miles), and it empties into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat.

Tapti River System

The Tapti is a river of central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with the length of around 724 km; it runs from east to west. It rises in the Eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state, and flows westward. It flows through Maharashtra’s historic Khandesh and east Vidarbharegions in the northwest corner of the Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat.

The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The principal tributaries of Tapi River are Purna River, Girna River, Panzara River, Waghur River, Bori River and Aner River.

Mahanadi River System

Source: Wikimedia

The Mahanadi River system is the third largest in the peninsula of India and the largest river of Orissa state. The basin extends over a vast area and has a total length of 851 km and an annual runoff. The river begins in the Baster hills of Madhya Pradesh flows over different geological formations of Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas and joins the Bay of Bengal after divided into different branches in the deltaic area. The main branches of River Mahanadi meet Bay of Bengal at Paradip and Nuagarh (Devi estuary).

Godavari River System

The river with second longest course within India, Godavari is often referred to as the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin (South) Ganga. It rises at Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai in Maharashtra around 380 km distance from the Arabian Sea, but flows southeast across south-central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.  The river splits into two streams in AP thus forming a very fertile delta. Some of its tributaries include Indravati River, Manjira, Bindusara and Sabari.

Krishna River System

The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). It originates at Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra and meets the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which itself is formed by the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in the Western Ghats. Other tributaries include the Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna,Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga rivers.

Cauveri River System

The Cauveri is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. The headwaters are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and flows from Karnataka through Tamil Nadu. It empties into the Bay of Bengal.It has many tributaries includingShimsha, Hemavati, Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole,Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani,Noyyal and Famous Amaravati.

Set Map In Mind

Types of Missile in India launched

Welcome to the Bharat Rakshak.com’s Missile Site.

The Indian Missiles site is dedicated to President (Dr.) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, father of India’s Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It was the brilliant Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam who breathed life into ballistic missiles like the Agni and Prithvi, which put China and Pakistan well under India’s missile range. Here is a poem written by him;

“Dreams float on an impatient wind,
A wind that wants to create a new order,
An order of strength and thundering of fire.”

The strategic Agni ballistic missile, 

The tactical Prithvi ballistic missile, 

The Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles and the Nag anti-tank guided missile.

A

• Air-launched ballistic missile::An air-launched ballistic missile or ALBM is a ballistic missile launched from an aircraft. This class of missile never saw active use. 

• Air-launched cruise missile:  An air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) is a cruise missile that is launched from anaircraft.

• Air-to-air missile:: An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft.

• Air-to-surface missile:: An air-to-surface missile (ASM) or air-to-ground missile (AGM or ATGM) is  a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft (bombers, attack aircraft, fighter aircraft or other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at sea, or both. 

• Anti-ship ballistic missile::An anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) is a military quasiballistic missile system designed to hit a warship at sea.

B

• Ballistic missile 

A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within theEarth's atmosphere, while longer range ones are designed to spend some of their flight time above the atmosphere and are thus considered sub-orbital.

Details On Missiles:

This led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme and Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously. Thus, four projects were born under the IGMDP:

• Short range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi)
• Short range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul)
• Medium range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and
• Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).

The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges. As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.

Diplomatic and Technological Hurdles

After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

• phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash (denied by the USA).
• magnesium alloy used in Prithvi's wings (denied by Germany).
• servo-valves needed for the electro-hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi.
• gyroscopes and accelerators (denied by France).
• processors – Intel said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni.

To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.^[2]

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer.

Indian Missile Projects

Project Devil

Project Devil was one of two early liquid-fuelled missile projects developed by India, along with Project Valiant, in the 1970s. The goal of Project Devil was to produce a short-range surface-to-air missile. Although discontinued in 1980 without achieving intended success, Project Devil, led to the later development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.

Project Valiant

Project Valiant was one of two early liquid-fuelled missile projects developed by India, along with Project Devil in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an ICBM. Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.

IGMDP Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was a Ministry of Defence (India) program for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations.^[7] The project started in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007.^[8]

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.^[7] It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces.^[9]

Dr. Abdul Kalam, who conceived and worked on this program, later also became the President of India.^[10]

Akash[edit]

Main article: Akash (missile)

Akash (Sanskrit: आकाश Ākāś "Sky") is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile defence system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India.^[11][12] The missile system can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.^[13]

Trishul

Main article: Trishul (missile)

Nag

Nag (Sanskrit: नाग, Nāg "Cobra") is a third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile developed in India. It is one of five missile systems developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of 3 billion (US$45.9 million).^[14]

Prithvi Missile Series

Name	Stage(s)	Range	Payload	User
Prithvi-I (SS-150)	One	150 km	1000 kg	Army
Prithvi-II (SS-250)	Two	250 km – 350 km	500 kg – 1000 kg	Air Force, Army
Prithvi-III (SS-350)	Two	350 km – 600 km	250 kg – 500 kg	Army, Air Force, Navy

Dhanush is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III.

Agni Missile Series

The Agni missile series started as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the IGMDP.The missiles in this series include:

Name	Type	Stage(s)	Range
Agni-I	MRBM	One	700 – 1,200 km[15][16]
Agni-II	IRBM	Two	2,000 – 2,500 km
Agni-III	IRBM	Two	3,000 – 5,000 km[17]
Agni-IV	IRBM	Two	2,500 – 3,700  km[18][19]
Agni-V	ICBM	Three	5,000 – 8,000 km[20][21][22]
Agni-VI	ICBM	Three	8,000 – 10,000 km[23]

The Agni-I, Agni-II and Agni-III missiles were developed under the IGMDP. (The DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP after the third test of Agni-III on 7 May 2008.^[7])

Agni-IV was tested on 15 November 2011 and has a range of 3,000 km, and can carry a warhead of 1 tonnes. It is a two-stage missile powered by solid propellant. It is 20 meters tall and has a launch weight of 17 tonnes.^[24][25][26] A new missile Agni-V with 5,000 km range and MIRV is being developed and was tested on 19 April 2012. Agni-V shares the similar design as Agni-III with an extra stage added to further increase the range by 1500 km.^[27] Agni-V will be road mobile and it has been stated that all Indian missiles developed after this will be road mobile as well.

Agni-VI is an Intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India, and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO.^[23] Reportedly, it will be capable of being launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over 10,000 km^[23] with MIRVed warheads.^[28] Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs, "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call".^[29]

K Missile Series

TYPE	RANGE	Weight	Warhead	length	Status
K-15[30]	750 km	10 tonnes	1 tonne	10 m	K-15/B-05 in series production. Land-based missile awaiting clearance.
K-4[30][31]	3,500–5,000 km[30]	17 tonnes[31]	1 tonne[30] – 2.5 tonnes[31]	10 m	As of January 2011, at least six more tests to be performed before induction in 2017.
K-5	6,000 km	Unspecified	1 tonne	Unspecified	Under Development by DRDO[28]

Shaurya

The Shaurya missile is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed for use by the Indian Army. Capable of hypersonic speeds, it has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of one-tonne conventional or nuclear warhead.^[32]

Brahmos

Main article: BrahMos

Prahaar

Main article: Prahaar (missile)

Prahaar (Sanskrit:प्रहार, Strike) is a solid-fuelled Surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile that would be equipped with omni-directional warheads and could be used for hitting both tactical and strategic targets.^[33]

Astra[edit]

Main article: Astra (missile)

Astra is a 'Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile' (BVRAAM) being developed for the Indian Air Force.^[34]

Helina

Main article: Helina (missile)

A variant of NAG Missile to be launched from Helicopter is being developed under the Project named HELINA (HELIcopter launchedNAg).^[35] It will be structurally different from the Nag.

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSDTV)[edit]

Main article: Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)

Project HSTDV is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using kerosene.^[35]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program[edit]

Main article: Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program

Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)[edit]

Main article: Prithvi Air Defence

Prithvi Air Defense

The Prithvi Air Defense missile has been named as Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor. It has a maximum interception altitude of 80 km and is capable of engaging the 300 to 2,000 km class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5.^[36][37] DRDO is currently working on a missile for intercepting targets of 5,000+ km range and engaging them at altitudes of up to 150 km.The tests are expected to commence from 2010–11.^[38]

Advanced Air Defence (AAD)[edit]

Main articles: Advanced Air Defence

Also known as Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor.

Anti-Radiation Missile

Main article: Anti-radiation missile

India is developing an Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) that will help to destroy enemy advance warning systems. Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), which specialises in missile development. Such missiles can be mounted on the Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter planes.^[39]

Anti-Satellite Missile

India is developing anti satellite weapons. Following the successful Agni-V ICBM test, this looks all the more achievable.^[40]
In an interview with India Today Dr. V. K. Saraswat said,

"Today, India has all the building blocks for an anti-satellite system in place.

We don't want to weaponise space but the building blocks should be in place. Because you may come to a time when you may need it. Today, I can say that all the building blocks (for an ASAT weapon) are in place. A little fine tuning may be required but we will do that electronically. We will not do a physical test (actual destruction of a satellite) because of the risk of space debris affecting other satellites."^[41]

According to Rajeswari Rajagopalan, senior fellow at Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi, "it is important to discuss various issues concerning space security, and ASAT is one of them." Increasing awareness of space debris and continued efforts to develop and implement international measures to tackle the problem is a major concern for India as well as other countries.^[42]

According to some researchers, "as it stands today, in space, the probability of debris hitting a satellite is more than an adversary taking your satellite down."